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Napoleon III (1808 – 1871)

Biography

Napoleon III (1808 – 1871)

After the death of the Duke of Reichstadt, son and heir of Napoleon I, in 1832, ...his nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, an artillery officer, attempted to topple the July Monarchy in Strasbourg (1830) and then Boulogne (1840). Imprisoned in perpetuity in Ham fortress, he escaped (1846).
Charles X (1757 - 1836)

Biography

Charles X (1757 - 1836)

Charles Philippe, the Count of Artois and young brother of Louis XVI and Louis ...XVIII, who became an émigré on the 17th of July 1789, sought to play a leading role in the Counter-Revolution, at the risk of sometimes clashing with the sensitivities of his older brother, the Count of Provence. In 1814, after the abdication of Napoléon, he entered Paris.
Louis-Philippe I (1773 - 1850)

Biography

Louis-Philippe I (1773 - 1850)

Louis-Philippe, the cousin of Louis XVI, but also the eldest son of the Duke of ...Orléans (later known as Philippe Égalité) who voted for the death of the King, embraced revolutionary ideas like his father and was a member of the Jacobin Club. He fought in the armies of the Republic at Valmy and Jemmapes in 1792, but went over to the ranks of the Austrians (April 1793).

Louis XVIII (1755 - 1824)

Biography

Louis XVIII (1755 - 1824)

Born at Versailles, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Count of Provence, brother of Louis ...XVI and the Count of Artois (the future Charles X), managed to cross the Belgian border in June 1791, whilst Louis XVI was arrested at Varennes. Assuming the role of Regent, he made great efforts to rally the monarchs of Europe against a revolutionary France.
Henri IV (1553-1610)

Biography

Henri IV (1553-1610)

The first king of the Bourbon Dynasty and one of the most popular kings of ...France, Henry IV of France took the decision to abjure Protestantism. He was crowned in Chartres (25th February 1594) and signed the Edict of Nantes (13th April 1598) which led to the end of the Wars of Religion. Peace had finally come to unified France.
François Mansart (1598-1666)

Biography

François Mansart (1598-1666)

The founder of a dynasty of architects, François Mansart, who was working at ...the end of the reign of Louis XIII and briefly during that of Louis XIV gave new meaning to Classical architecture.
Talleyrand (1754 –1838)

Biography

Talleyrand (1754 –1838)

Because Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, of high noble birth, had a club ...foot, his parents guided him towards a career in the Church. Bishop of Autun, elected member of the States General of 1789, he saw through the nationalisation of Church assets and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Biography

Chateaubriand (1768 – 1848)

The youngest of 10 children from Saint-Malo, François-René de Chateaubriand ...settled with his family in the Château de Combourg in 1777. Appointed second lieutenant to the Navarre regiment in 1787, he was present at the first upheavals of the Revolution in Paris, before leaving for America in 1791.
Charles VIII (1470-1498)

Biography

Charles VIII (1470-1498)

King Charles VIII of France was behind the Italian Wars between France and the ...Habsburgs. After conquering the Kingdom of Naples, he was forced to abandon his conquests due to pressure from the league formed by Venice, Milan, Maximilian of Austria, Ferdinand VII of Aragon and Pope Alexander VI.

Biography

Louis VIII the Lion (1187 – 1226)

The husband of Blanche of Castile, Louis VIII the Lion took Poitou, Aunis, ...Saintonge, Angoumois, Limousin, Périgord and part of Gascony from the English, before conquering Avignon during the crusade against the Albigensians.

Philippe Pétain (1856-1951)

Biography

Philippe Pétain (1856-1951)

Philippe Pétain descended from a peasant family in the Artois region. He ...trained at Saint-Cyr and then, as an infantry officer, taught at military school where he emphasised the role of the artillery. When the First World War broke out, he was a Colonel who had reached the age of retirement but his inclinations for the defensive approach and positional warfare gave his career take an unexpected twist.
Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934)

Biography

Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934)

Elected deputy for the Meuse in 1887 and a brilliant Paris barrister, Poincaré ...very soon established his reputation as a moderate and conciliatory man of non-party politics.
Jean Moulin (1899 – 1943)

Biography

Jean Moulin (1899 – 1943)

Born in Béziers where his father, a history professor and member of the ...radical-Socialist General Council of Hérault, Jean Moulin, a law graduate, soon embarked on a prefectural career. As well as being the head of the cabinet of Pierre Cot, Air Minister of the Popular Front, he took part in supplying arms and aeroplanes to the Spanish Republic.

Jean Jaurès (1859-1914)

Biography

Jean Jaurès (1859-1914)

Jean Jaurès, a major in socialism and pacifism, is best known for his ...opposition to the First World War.
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